alangosh

thanks. it's sp good

In essence, this code structure enables the creation of listings that are independent of users, offering flexibility in your application's data modeling.

that's great

Yes, a listing can exist without a user in the model you've outlined, thanks to the optional: true clause within the belongs_to :user association. This clause specifically informs Rails that the user_id field in the listings table is not mandatory, allowing for listings to be created without an associated user.